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Although simple in its conception, the large-scale use of micro-irrigation has proved practical in the last thirty years in relation to the affirmation on the market of plastic materials . Since the middle of the last century, various researchers have conducted experiments on various types of surface irrigation and sub-irrigation techniques. The first attempts at…
A micro-irrigation system consists of a command and control head usually located downstream of the delivery group or the company lifting system, a main pipeline that feeds several secondary pipelines located one for each irrigation sector, each of which feeds different dispensing wings on which the dispensing devices are inserted. The control head…
Introduction The problem of designing an irrigation system, i.e. the hydraulic sizing of irrigation systems, must be aimed at obtaining a satisfactory uniformity of supply (EU>90%) of the different dispensing devices and therefore obtain uniformity of irrigation distribution to all plants, as non-uniform distributions can determine both poorly irrigated areas and therefore non-optimal productions, and…
In the design of irrigation systems there are many equations widely used in order to calculate the friction losses that occur in pipelines. In general, empirical formulas such as that of Hazen-Williams are frequently used, which can be expressed as follows: (1) where J is the water flow rate, Q the flow rate[L3…
The Local losses Λ are caused by energy dissipations resulting from a greater turbulence of the current, produced by the abrupt narrowing of the section in correspondence with the couplings of the drippers, resulting in proportional to the squares of the speed of the current Vg inside the dripper. They can be expressed in the…
Geodesy is the science that deals with the study of the shape and dimensions of the earth’s reference surface, its gravitational field and geodynamic phenomena such as the displacement of the poles, the terrestrial tides and the movements of the crust (theoretical geodesy). Geodesy also deals with the elaboration of theories and operational procedures aimed…
For the design of a company irrigation system it is necessary to have an adequate basic cartography that highlights in detail the altimetry of the surfaces to be irrigated. In fact, having chosen the type of system (sprinkling, micro-irrigation) and the model of dispensing devices to be used, it is necessary to proceed with the…
Type and hydraulic functioning of the emitters Laminar flow emitters In laminar emitters (microtubes, spiral drippers) the water current moves slowly and regularly, flowing smoothly and at low speed. Laminar flow devices regulate water flow by dissipating energy by friction against the walls of the water conduit. The narrower or longer the…
The functioning of a emitter device depends on its structure and on the method by which it regulates the flow of water. In addition to the design characteristics, the working of the emitters is strongly influenced by the quality and consistency of the materials used in their manufacture. Regulator performance is evaluated by measuring actual…
The correct design of a micro-irrigation system cannot ignore the knowledge of the characteristic delivery curve relating to the particular type of dripper to be used, which represents a functional link between the flow rate delivered by the dispensing device q [L³ T-¹], and the piezometric height corresponding to the operating pressure h [L] of…
